Justinian the Great

Emperor from 527-565 A.D.



In the time of Clovis the country now called Bulgaria was inhabited

by Goths. One day a poor shepherd boy, about sixteen years of

age, left his mountain home in that country to go to the city of

Constantinople, which was many miles away. The boy had no money

to pay the expenses of the journey, but he was determined to go,

even though he should have to walk every step of the roa and live

on fruits that he could gather by the way. He was a bright, clever

boy who had spent his life hitherto in a village, but was now eager

to go out into the world to seek his fortune.



Some years before, this boy's uncle, who was named Justin, had gone

to Constantinople and joined the Roman army. He was so brave and

so good a soldier that he soon came to be commander of the imperial

guard which attended the emperor.



The poor shepherd boy had heard of the success of his uncle, and

this was the reason why he resolved to set off for the big city. So

he started down the mountain and trudged along the valley in high

hope, feeling certain that he would reach the end of his journey

in safety. It was a difficult and dangerous journey, and it took

him several weeks, for he had to go through dark forests and to

cross rivers and high hills; but at last one afternoon in midsummer

he walked through the main gate of Constantinople, proud and happy

that he had accomplished his purpose.



He had no trouble in finding his Uncle Justin; for everybody in

Constantinople knew the commander of the emperor's guards. And when

the boy appeared at the great man's house and told who he was, his

uncle received him with much kindness. He took him into his own

family, and gave him the best education that could be had in the

city.



As the boy was very talented and eager for knowledge he soon became

an excellent scholar. He grew up a tall, good-looking man, with

black eyes and curly hair, and he was always richly dressed. He was

well liked at the emperor's court, and was respected by everybody

on account of his learning.





One day a great change came for both uncle and nephew. The emperor

died; and the people chose Justin to succeed him. He took the

title of Justinus I (Jus-ti'-nus), and so the young scholar, who

had once been a poor shepherd boy, was now nephew of an emperor.



After some years Justinus was advised by his nobles to take the

young man, who had adopted the name of Justinian, to help him in

ruling the empire. Justinus agreed to this proposal, for he was

now old and in feeble health, and not able himself to attend to the

important affairs of government. He therefore called the great

lords of his court together and in their presence he placed a crown

on the head of his nephew, who thus became joint emperor with his

uncle. The uncle died only a few months after, and then Justinian

was declared emperor. This was in the year 527. Justinian reigned

for nearly forty years and did so many important things that he

was afterwards called Justinian the Great.



He had many wars during his reign, but he himself did not take part

in them. He was not experienced as a soldier, for he had spent

most of his time in study. He was fortunate enough, however, to

have two great generals to lead his armies. One of them was named

Belisarius and the other Narses.



Belisarius was one of the greatest soldiers that ever lived. He

gained wonderful victories for Justinian, and conquered some of

the old Roman provinces that had been lost for many years.



The victories of these two generals largely helped to make the reign

of Justinian remarkable in history. Many years before he ascended

the throne the Vandals, as you have read, conquered the northern

part of Africa and established a kingdom there with Carthage as

its capital. The Vandal king in the time of Justinian was named

Gelimer (Gel'-i-mer), and he lived in Carthage.



Justinian resolved to make war on this king in order to recover

Northern Africa and make it again a part of the Empire. So

Belisarius was sent to Africa with an army of thirty-five thousand

men and five thousand horses, that were carried on a fleet of six

hundred ships. It took this fleet three months to make the voyage

from Constantinople to Africa. The same voyage may now be made

in a very few days. But in the time of Belisarius there were no

steamships, and nothing was known of the power of steam for moving

machinery. The ships or galleys were sailing vessels; and when

there was no wind they could make no progress except by rowing.



When Belisarius reached Africa he left five men as a guard in each

vessel, and with the body of his army he marched for some days

along the coast. The people received him in a friendly way, for

they had grown tired of the rule of the Vandals, and preferred to

be under the government of the Romans.



About ten miles from Carthage he met a large army led by the brother

of Gelimer. A battle immediately took place, and the Vandals

were utterly defeated. Gelimer's brother was killed, and the king

himself, who had followed with another army and joined the fight,

was also defeated and fled from the field. Belisarius then proceeded

to Carthage and took possession of the city.



Soon afterwards Gelimer collected another army and fought the Romans

in another battle, twenty miles from Carthage; but Belisarius again

defeated him and the Vandal king again fled. This was the end of

the Vandal king in Africa. In a short time Gelimer gave himself

up to Belisarius, who took him to Constantinople. Justinian set

apart an estate for him to live upon, and the conquered king passed

the rest of his life in peaceful retirement.



After conquering the Vandals Justinian resolved to conquer Italy,

which was then held by the Ostrogoths. A large army was got

together and put under the command of Belisarius and Narses, who

immediately set out for Italy. When they arrived there they marched

straight to Rome, and after some fighting took possession of the

city. But in a few months, Vitiges (vit'-i-ges), king of the Goths,

appeared with an army before the gates and challenged Belisarius

and Narses to come out and fight.



The Roman generals, however, were not then ready to fight, and so

the Ostrogoth king laid siege to the city, thinking that he would

compel the Romans to surrender.



But instead of having any thought of surrender, Belisarius was

preparing his men for fight, and when they were ready he attacked

Vitiges and defeated him. Vitiges retired to Ravenna, and

Belisarius quickly followed, and made such an assault on the city

that it was compelled to surrender. The Ostrogoth army was captured,

and Vitiges was taken to Constantinople a prisoner.



Belisarius and Narses then went to Northern Italy, and, after a long

war, conquered all the tribes there. Thus the power of Justinian

was established throughout the whole country, and the city of Rome

was again under the dominion of a Roman emperor.



While his brave generals were winning these victories for the Empire,

Justinian himself was busy in making improvements of various kinds

at the capital. He erected great public buildings, which were not

only useful but ornamental to the city. The most remarkable of

them was the very magnificent cathedral of St. Sophia (So-phi'-a),

for a long time the grandest church structure in the world. The

great temple still exists in all its beauty and grandeur, but is

now used as a Mohammedan mosque.



But the most important thing that Justinian did--the work for

which he is most celebrated--was the improving and collecting of

the laws. He made many excellent new laws and reformed many of

the old laws, so that he became famous as one of the greatest of

the world's legislators. For a long time the Roman laws had been

difficult to understand. There was a vast number of them, and

different writers differed widely as to what the laws really were

and what they meant. Justinian employed a great lawyer, named

Tribonian (trib-o'-ni-an), to collect and simplify the principal

laws. The collection which he made was called the CODE OF JUSTINIAN.

It still exists, and is the model according to which most of the

countries of Europe have made their laws.



Justinian also did a great deal of good by establishing a number

of manufactures in Constantinople. It was he who first brought

silk-worms into Europe.



To the last year of his life Justinian was strong and active and

a hard worker. He often worked or studied all day and all night

without eating or sleeping. He died in 565 at the age of eighty-three

years.